System Design Card 370 — Capacity Estimation / Check
Concern
Rough numbers create the pressure model that justifies caches, queues, partitioning, or simpler choices. Daily active users, QPS, object size, retention, and peak bursts all shape what 'reasonable' means.
What Check means for this concern
In BASIC, the Check step is where you review the design for bottlenecks, failure modes, security gaps, observability, and cost. For Capacity Estimation, that means the candidate should make this concern visible at the right moment instead of bolting it on at the end.
Design move
A good move is to review and stress-test before you hand the answer over. Tie the concern back to the user flow, the workload, and the dominant trade-off. That keeps the design grounded and makes it easier for the interviewer to follow why a cache, queue, replica, partition, or rate limiter is actually necessary.
Common miss
The miss is naming databases and caches without a load model. BASIC helps because the staged flow keeps this concern proportional to the prompt and connected to the rest of the architecture.
BASIC prompt
“When I reach the Check stage, how does Capacity Estimation change the architecture, the trade-offs, or the review checklist?”